When you enter Windows security and administration, you will eventually have to learn how to use the command line. While a lot can be done through a graphical interface, the command line (or command prompt) is still a powerful tool to execute tasks. Here’s an introductory guide to some basic Windows commands in the Command Prompt.
What is the CMD?
- Windows' Command Prompt (cmd) is a command-line interpreter that allows users to execute various commands, automate tasks, and perform advanced administrative functions.
The command prompt directly reflects the Windows architecture: you can operate it in user mode or privileged mode (as an administrator).
Why do we use the CMD?
Cmd allows users and administrators to perform advanced system management tasks like task automation and system configuration. It also provides tools for network diagnostics, monitoring and managing tasks, system performance, files and directories.
Knowing how to use the Command Prompt empowers users to perform various tasks more efficiently and effectively. It provides access to powerful tools and functionalities that are not always available through the graphical user interface, making it an essential skill for casual users and IT professionals.
Essential commands
To open the command prompt in Windows, press Win + R, type cmd, and press Enter. Alternatively, search for cmd in the Start menu and click on Command Prompt.
| Navigation commands | |
| cd [directory] | Change the current directory. For example, cd Documents moves you to the Documents folder. |
| cd .. | Move up one directory level. |
| cd \ | Go to the root directory. |
| dir | List the contents of the current directory. |
| File management commands | |
| copy [source] [destination] | Copy a file from the source to the destination. |
| move [source] [destination] | Move a file from the source to the destination. |
| del [file] | Delete a file. |
| ren [old name] [new name] | Rename a file or directory. |
| mkdir [directory] | Create a new directory. |
| rmdir [directory] | Remove a directory. |
| System information commands | |
| systeminfo | Display detailed configuration information about the computer and its operating system. |
| ipconfig | Display all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refresh DHCP and DNS settings. |
| ping [hostname/IP] | Test the reachability of a host on an IP network. |
| tasklist | Display a list of currently active tasks, including their Process ID (PID). |
| taskkill /PID [PID] /F | Forcefully terminate a task by its Process ID. |
| Network commands | |
| netstat | Display network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. |
| tracert [hostname/IP] | Trace the route taken by packets to a network host. |
| nslookup [hostname] | Query the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping. |
| Utility commands | |
| cls | Clear the screen. |
| echo [text] | Display a message or turn command-echoing on or off. |
| help [command] | Provide help information for Windows commands. |
| exit | Close the Command Prompt window. |
Tips for using the command prompt
- Use Tab for Autocomplete: Pressing Tab can autocomplete directory and file names.
- Use Arrow Keys: The up and down arrow keys can cycle through previously entered commands.
- Administrative Privileges: Some commands require administrative privileges. Right-click the Command Prompt icon and select "Run as administrator" to open it with elevated permissions.